John
Donne
This
essay will explore the poem “The Sun Rising” and the sonnet 10 “Death be not
proud” by John Donne. The essay will also answer certain questions regarding
the poem and sonnet with the focus on the idea that personification is key to
the development of a central conceit and the formulation of an argument. The
essay will answer questions such as; what is the argument of the poem and how
is it developed, who is the speaker and what is his/her situation, does gender
of the speaker matter, who is the speaker addressing, what is conveyed about
the speakers attitude and finally what has been the critical response to
Donne’s poetry. This essay will conclude the importance of personification in
developing a central conceit and also in the formulation of an argument in
Donne’s poetry.
According
to Grierson metaphysical poetry is poetry that has been inspired by
philosophical conceptions of the universe and also the role of the human spirit
in existence (3). Gardner means that metaphysical poetry is the indulgence in
“nice speculations of philosophy” in unusual contexts (xix). It can be seen
that metaphysical poetry has strong connections with philosophy. If this
context of metaphysical poetry is put together with the work of John Donne,
then it is easier to understand why Donne makes use of personification and why
it plays such a significant role in his poetry. Donne’s work can be seen as
written work with a philosophical view. Eliot signifies that it is difficult to
define metaphysical poetry, but that John Donne often employs devices
considered characteristically metaphysical (59-60). Thus Donne’s work can be
seen as Metaphysical poetry and Donne himself a metaphysical poet.
The Sun Rising
In
the poem “The Sun Rising” the speaker is a man who is in love with a women
whilst lying in bed with her. In this case the speaker has to be male because
the “prescribed” gender role of that time only allows the speaker to be male.
The speaker could possibly be John Donne himself because the way the speaker
speaks is consistent with the other poems of the poet. The speaker is
addressing the Sun that is rising because it is disturbing the blissful night
that the speaker and his lover had.
The
argument that the speaker is making is that the Sun is disturbing their night.
The speaker wants the Sun to go away and bother other people, but speaker
shifts the idea from that to the importance of him and his lover and their
room. The speaker then claims that the bed is the centre of the universe and
that if the Sun only shine there then it is shining on the whole world.
In
the first stanza the idea is that the Sun is bothering the speaker. This can be
seen in the condescending way the speaker addresses the Sun and also in the
rhetorical questions being asked “Why dost thou thus … call on us?” (2-3) and
“Must to thy motions lovers’ seasons run?” (4), the latter meaning; do even the
lovers have to do what you say? The speaker then tells the Sun to go bother
other people e.g. “school boys”, “prentices”, “court-huntsmen” and “country
ants”. The meaning of country ants would be farm workers. At the end of the first
stanza, the speaker makes a romantic gesture. In line nine “Love, all alike, no
season knows, nor clime,” which means that love never changes and then in line
ten “Nor hours, days, months, which are the rags of time” which means he has
eternal love for his lover.
In
the second stanza the idea shifts from the Sun to the speaker himself. The
speaker starts by saying that the Sun isn’t as powerful as he thinks he is. The
speaker can “… eclipse and cloud them [Suns’ beams] with a wink” (13). The
speaker makes yet another romantic gesture by saying that he wouldn’t wink
because “[he] would not lose her sight so long” (14). The speaker then goes on
to demonstrate his power and importance. He states that he has taken “Indias”
and also that all the kings “here in one bed lay” (20). This means that all of
the undiscovered riches, the Indies, and all of the kings are actually in his
world.
In
the third stanza “She is all states, and all princes, I, Nothing else is”
(21-22) suggests that his lover is the lands and he has a right to take it
(her). Furthermore he is also saying that nothing else exists, it’s just him
and his lover. In line 26 he says that the whole world has been contracted into
their bedroom, thus the importance of the whole world is now their bedroom.
That is why he says “Shine here to us, and thou art everywhere” (29). He ends
by saying “This bed thy centre is, these walls, thy sphere” (30). This last
line means exactly what he has been saying the whole time, that their bedroom
is the centre of the universe, the most important thing.
The
speaker in the poem starts the poem with “Busy old fool, unruly sun” (1). The
attitude that is conveyed here from the speaker is condescending. “Saucy, pedantic
wretch” (5) is another condescending line. The speaker also uses certain words
that commands the Sun, word like “go” (5), “look” (16) and “ask” (19). The
speaker addresses the Sun in a very condescending and disrespectful way.
Death be not proud
The
speaker in the sonnet could be a woman or a man who is addressing Death. He/she
is confronting death directly and in doing so does not show any fear. The
speaker tells death exactly what he/she is feeling. In this case gender doesn’t
play any significant role. The speaker could be male or female.
In
the sonnet “Death be not proud” there are several arguments being made. In the
octave there are two arguments; the first is that death brings people a
delightful rest, the second is that all of the best people die young, this
makes death seem somewhat attractive. In the sestet there are three arguments
being made; the first is that death is a slave to “fate, chance, kings, and
desperate men” (9), the second is that death is associated with atrocities such
as “poison, war, and sickness” (10), and the third is that death has no reason
to be proud because it isn’t eternal, death is only a “short sleep” (13).
In
the first two lines the speaker tells Death not to be proud, even though many
people fear Death “though some have callèd thee Mighty and dreadful” (1-2), the
speaker says that Death is not to be feared. The speaker means that Death
thinks it is the victor, but he doesn’t really win when he kills people “For,
those, whom thou think’st, thou dost overthrow, Die not” (3-4). The speaker
then goes on to compare Death with “rest” and “sleep” which is something that
brings humans “Much pleasure” (6). In the last two lines of the octave the
speaker describes how the best people die young “And soonest our best men with
thee do go” (7). This is what gives Death an attractive side. “Rest of their
bones, and soul’s delivery” (8) here the speaker acknowledges what Death is
doing, letting their bones rest and giving their souls over to heaven.
The sestet begins to explain that Death
is nothing more than a slave to “fate, chance, kings, and desperate men” (9)
and that Death is also associated with the things we deem bad like “poison,
war, and sickness” (10). The speaker also then says that Death isn’t even
needed when there is drugs and magic charms to help people sleep “And poppy or
charms can make us sleep as well” (11) and that it is even better than death
“And better then thy stroke” (12). The speaker asks Death after that remark
“why swell’st thou then?” (12) Meaning why are you boasting then? The last two
lines the explain that Death is only a short sleep and when the person awakens
then they will live for eternity and the Death will be no more:
One
short sleep past, we wake eternally,
And
death shall be no more, Death thou shalt die. (13-14)
There
are certain lines that convey the attitude of the speaker towards the
addressee. The sonnet “Death be not proud” starts defiant and patronising, this
can be seen in the lines:
Death
be not proud, though some have called thee
Mighty
and dreadful, for thou art not so, (1-2)
The
attitude is also very combative and this can be seen in the line “nor yet canst
thou kill me” (4). The poem consists of subtle arguments being made and then it
has certain bursts of emotion. The ending has a self-assured triumph that
humans prevail over death.
Critical
Response to Donne’s Poetry
Eliot
says that the poetry of John Donne is of late Elizabethan and that the feeling
of his work is very close to that of Chapman’s. “In Chapman especially there is
a direct sensuous apprehension of thought, or a recreation of thought into
feeling, which is exactly what we find in Donne[‘s] [work]” (Eliot, 63). Eliot
also means that both poets are concerned with the perpetuating of love by
offspring (63).
Willmott
means that Donne always portrays his emotions in his work, either through
writing “whining poetry” or “comically exaggerates his feelings as in ‘The
Computation’” (12). Willmott also describes Donne’s work as going back to an
earlier tradition of Ovid’s elegies, which is sexually frank, where he views
love with cynicism (12) and still keeps it “strikingly original” (12). Donne’s
work also has a certain variety and can speak to readers in a tender simplicity
(Willmott, 12):
Sweetest
love, I do not go,
For
weariness of thee. (‘Song’, 1-2)
As
a twenty-first century reader of John Donne’s two poems, I would respond to
these poems by saying that it is very profound. This could be mostly because of
the 17th century English which it is written in. But it is also very
interesting because the thoughts of literary men from that time can be seen in
their poetry. The philosophical ideas and how they perceived the world is right
there for us to study. The poem “The Sun Rising” is very intellectual. We have
made significant advances in all aspects of human life, but it is amazing that
a poem from the 1600s could still be seen as something intellectual.
The
sonnet “Death be not proud” still relates to some of the Christian views of
today. It is the belief that death is only the next step to eternal life. These
views are strongly represented in the poem and the way in which John Donne
writes the poem makes you believe that death can be conquered.
In
both of John Donne’s poems personification is used. In “The Sun Rising” it is
the sun that is personified and is addressed, in “Death be not proud” it is
death that is personified and the speaker addresses it. In both of these poems
it is because of the personified thing that a central conceit can develop and
that an argument can be formulated. In both poems the personified things are
being challenged. The attitudes toward these things are also condescending and
disrespectful. The two poems are very different in nature. “The Sun Rising” is
more of a love poem and has a certain pompousness where the sonnet “Death be
not proud” is more a threatening and disapproval poem.
These
two poems of John Donne is certainly metaphysical poems. It can be seen in the
philosophical ways of thinking and also in the way in which the personification
is used. There are certain characteristics that can be seen in the poems which
goes along with the time in which it was written for example the knowledge of
astrology, cosmology and cartography in the poem “The Sun Rising” and also the
role of religion and the perception of life in the sonnet “Death be not proud”.
The poetry of John Donne is aspiring even though it was written several hundred
years ago. It is interesting to see the start of the enlightenment reflected in
poetry.
Bibliography
Eliot, T S. Selected
Prose of T.S. Eliot. Ed. Frank Kermode. London: Faber and Faber Limited,
1975.
Gardner, Helen. The
Metaphysical Poets. London: Oxford University Press, 1961.
Grierson, Herbert
J.C. Metaphysical Lyrics and Poems of the Seventeenth Century. Ed.
Alastair Fowler. London: Oford University Press, 1995.
Willmott,
Richard. Four Metaphysical Poets: An anthology of poetry by Donne,
Herbert, Marvell and Vaughan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
1985.
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